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The radical axis of a pair of circles is defined as the set of points that have equal power h with respect to both circles. For example, for every point P on the radical axis of circles 1 and 2, the powers to each circle are equal: h 1 = h 2. Similarly, for every point on the radical axis of circles 2 and 3, the powers must be equal, h 2 = h 3.
A root is a simple root if = or a multiple root if . Simple roots are Lipschitz continuous with respect to coefficients but multiple roots are not. In other words, simple roots have bounded sensitivities but multiple roots are infinitely sensitive if the coefficients are perturbed arbitrarily.
Finding roots in a specific region of the complex plane, typically the real roots or the real roots in a given interval (for example, when roots represents a physical quantity, only the real positive ones are interesting). For finding one root, Newton's method and other general iterative methods work generally well.
The roots, stationary points, inflection point and concavity of a cubic polynomial x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x − 4 (solid black curve) and its first (dashed red) and second (dotted orange) derivatives. The critical points of a cubic function are its stationary points , that is the points where the slope of the function is zero. [ 2 ]
If the circles have two points in common, the radical axis is the common secant line of the circles. If point P is outside the circles, P has equal tangential distance to both the circles. If the radii are equal, the radical axis is the line segment bisector of M 1, M 2.
Let a pair of solution circles be denoted as C A and C B (the pink circles in Figure 6), and let their tangent points with the three given circles be denoted as A 1, A 2, A 3, and B 1, B 2, B 3, respectively. Gergonne's solution aims to locate these six points, and thus solve for the two solution circles.
The tangent lines of x 3 − 2x + 2 at 0 and 1 intersect the x-axis at 1 and 0 respectively, illustrating why Newton's method oscillates between these values for some starting points. It is easy to find situations for which Newton's method oscillates endlessly between two distinct values.
The simplest root-finding algorithm is the bisection method. Let f be a continuous function for which one knows an interval [a, b] such that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs (a bracket). Let c = (a +b)/2 be the middle of the interval (the midpoint or the point that bisects