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Whereas the singleton allows only one instance of a class to be created, the multiton pattern allows for the controlled creation of multiple instances, which it manages through the use of a map. Rather than having a single instance per application (e.g. the java.lang.Runtime object in the Java programming language ) the multiton pattern instead ...
A quine's output is exactly the same as its source code. A quine is a computer program that takes no input and produces a copy of its own source code as its only output. The standard terms for these programs in the computability theory and computer science literature are "self-replicating programs", "self-reproducing programs", and "self-copying programs".
State-based CRDTs (also called convergent replicated data types, or CvRDTs) are defined by two types, a type for local states and a type for actions on the state, together with three functions: A function to produce an initial state, a merge function of states, and a function to apply an action to update a state.
Prior to Java 8, Java was not subject to the Diamond problem risk, because it did not support multiple inheritance and interface default methods were not available. JavaFX Script in version 1.2 allows multiple inheritance through the use of mixins. In case of conflict, the compiler prohibits the direct usage of the ambiguous variable or function.
Multiple dispatch or multimethods is a feature of some programming languages in which a function or method can be dynamically dispatched based on the run-time (dynamic) type or, in the more general case, some other attribute of more than one of its arguments. [1]
For instance, if writing an application for handling medical records, the indexing of such records is a core concern, while logging a history of changes to the record database or user database, or an authentication system, would be cross-cutting concerns since they interact with more parts of the program.
Arrays are reified, meaning that an array object enforces its type information at run-time, whereas generics in Java are not reified. [6] More formally speaking, objects with generic type in Java are non-reifiable types. [6] A non-reifiable type is type whose representation at run-time has less information than its representation at compile ...
A structural type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on the definition and characteristics of the types. Type checking determines whether and when types are verified. Static checking means that type errors are reported based on a program's text (source code).