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Preventive or prophylactic vaccines; Treatment or therapeutic vaccines; These vaccines are intended to treat existing cancer by stimulating the patient’s immune system. [3] Cancer vaccines can also divided into specific or universal cancer vaccine based on the types of cancer it is used for.
Tumor antigens have been a main target in specific active immunotherapy by way of vaccination. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells and can be common among patients with the same cancer-type, or unique to a particular patient. Their specificity to malignant tumor cells makes tumor antigens ideal candidates for vaccination. [2]
A cancer vaccine, or oncovaccine, is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. [1] Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient.
Examples include therapeutic cancer vaccines (also known as treatment vaccines, [13] which are designed to boost the body's immune system to fight cancer), CAR-T cells, and targeted antibody therapies. In contrast, passive immunotherapy does not directly target tumor cells, but enhances the ability of the immune system to attack cancer cells.
Cancer is the major cause of deaths in the recent era. Cancer types and stages have enhanced with time and so has efforts to treat cancer. Currently, there are about 369 cancer vaccine studies ongoing all around the world. [11] There are three cancer therapeutic vaccines which are approved by USA Food and Drug Administration, as following;
Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system.Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies.
Personalized mRNA cancer vaccine therapy is a therapy that uses a personalized cancer vaccine based on mRNA vaccine technology to target existing tumors in patients. As of 2024, number of mRNA cancer vaccines are in clinical trials, of which many are personalized therapies based on engineering mRNA-mediated immune response that targets the patient's particular strain of cancer cells.
mRNA-4157/V940 is an mRNA based cancer vaccine. When administered, it will produce one of several dozen possible abnormal proteins commonly found in cancerous tissues. The production of those proteins is intended to invoke an immune response. mRNA-4157/V940 is given to patients after their tumors have been sequenced and abnormal proteins ...