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Skin color contrast has been identified as a feminine beauty standard observed across multiple cultures. [7] Women tend to have darker eyes and lips than men, especially relative to the rest of their facial features, and this attribute has been associated with female attractiveness and femininity, [7] yet it also decreases male attractiveness according to one study. [8]
Allegory of Beauty, by Cesare Ripa. Beauty is a naked woman with her head hidden among clouds (symbol of the subjective nature of beauty); in her right hand she holds a globe and a compass (beauty as measure and proportion), and in her left hand a fleur-de-lis (beauty as temptress of the soul, like the perfume of a flower). [63
The image depicts three of the Graces of classical mythology. It is frequently asserted that Raphael was inspired in his painting by a ruined Roman marble statue displayed in the Piccolomini Library of the Siena Cathedral—19th-century art historian [Dan K] held that it was a not very skillful copy of that original—but other inspiration is possible, as the subject was a popular one in Italy.
In developed western societies, women tend to be judged for their physical appearance over their other qualities and the pressure to engage in beauty work is much higher for women than men. Beauty work is defined as various beauty "practices individuals perform on themselves or others to elicit certain benefits from a specific social hierarchy."
This article about the development of themes in Italian Renaissance painting is an extension to the article Italian Renaissance painting, for which it provides additional pictures with commentary. The works encompassed are from Giotto in the early 14th century to Michelangelo 's Last Judgement of the 1530s.
Zwanger, Meryl, Women and Art in the Renaissance, in: Sister, Columbia University 1995/6. Judith Brown. Gender and Society in Renaissance Italy (Women And Men In History). 1998; Letizia Panizza, Women in Italian Renaissance Culture and Society. Oxford, 2000. ISBN 1-900755-09-2. Mary Rogers, Paola Tinagli. Women in Italy, 1350—1650 ...
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The ideal standard of beauty for women in the Elizabethan era was to have light or naturally red hair, a pale complexion, and red cheeks and lips, drawing on the style of Queen Elizabeth. The goal was to look very "English," since the main enemy of England was Spain, and in Spain darker hair was dominant. [35] [36]