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The Common Knowledge Exams consist of four papers at the "Foundation level", and two at the "Final level". The foundation level papers, in turn, comprise multiple choice, calculation, discursive and short essay questions. The final level exams comprise case studies and in-depth essays. The topics covered at both levels are:
The CAIA Level II exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions, plus three sets of constructed response (essay) questions. Candidates must apply the skills and knowledge from Level I to gain a deeper understanding of issues involved in each of the areas of alternative investments. The Level II curriculum covers nine topics, listed below.
In 1962, the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation and code of conduct were established. In 1963, the profession was formalized when 284 candidates sat for the first CFA exam and 268 CFA charters were awarded. [9] [10] The following year, all 3 levels of the exam were administered to more than 1,700 candidates. [8]
The CFA Level 1 examination in May 2021 and July 2021 made news headlines after plummeting to a record-low pass rate of 25% and 22%, respectively, [12] [13] [14] and in August 2021, the level 2 pass rate fell to 29%.
Financial economics studies how rational investors would apply decision theory to investment management.The subject is thus built on the foundations of microeconomics and derives several key results for the application of decision making under uncertainty to the financial markets.
There is a diversity of definitions used by bodies such as NGOs and think tanks, but in its broadest sense, financial literacy is an understanding of money. [8] Some of the definitions below are closely aligned with "skills and knowledge", whereas others take broader views, and some are from academic research which is tested and validated:
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return.The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk.
The five-paragraph essay is a format of essay having five paragraphs: one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs with support and development, and one concluding paragraph. Because of this structure, it is also known as a hamburger essay , one three one , or a three-tier essay .