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The founder of critical rationalism: Karl Popper. In the mid-twentieth century, several important philosophers began to critique the foundations of logical positivism.In his work The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934), Karl Popper, the founder of critical rationalism, argued that scientific knowledge grows from falsifying conjectures rather than any inductive principle and that ...
Historical fallacy – believing that certain results occurred only because a specific process was performed, though said process may actually be unrelated to the results. [35] Baconian fallacy – supposing that historians can obtain the "whole truth" via induction from individual pieces of historical evidence. The "whole truth" is defined as ...
The least probable theory is preferred because it is the one with the highest information content and most open to future falsification. Critical rationalism as a discourse positioned itself against what its proponents took to be epistemologically relativist philosophies, particularly post-modernist or sociological approaches to knowledge.
Lies: making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth. [5] Equivocations: making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement. Concealments: omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information.
Maxwell also used the example "All solids have a melting point." This is not falsifiable, because maybe the melting point will be reached at a higher temperature. [38] [39] The law is falsifiable and more useful if we specify an upper bound on melting points or a way to calculate this upper bound. [AJ]
Apophasis – Stating something by saying the opposite; Cognitive bias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment; Demagogue – Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public; Fallacies of definition – Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
Spreading false information can also seriously impede the effective and efficient use of the information available on social media. [124] An emerging trend in the online information environment is "a shift away from public discourse to private, more ephemeral, messaging ", which is a challenge to counter misinformation.
Verificationism, also known as the verification principle or the verifiability criterion of meaning, is a doctrine in philosophy which asserts that a statement is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable (can be confirmed through the senses) or a tautology (true by virtue of its own meaning or its own logical form).