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The neutron star's density also gives it very high surface gravity, with typical values ranging from 10 12 to 10 13 m/s 2 (more than 10 11 times that of Earth). [21] One measure of such immense gravity is the fact that neutron stars have an escape velocity of over half the speed of light. [22]
Escape speed at a distance d from the center of a spherically symmetric primary body (such as a star or a planet) with mass M is given by the formula [2] [3] = = where: G is the universal gravitational constant (G ≈ 6.67×10 −11 m 3 ·kg −1 ·s −2)
The surface gravity of a white dwarf is very high, and of a neutron star even higher. A white dwarf's surface gravity is around 100,000 g (10 6 m/s 2) whilst the neutron star's compactness gives it a surface gravity of up to 7 × 10 12 m/s 2 with typical values of order 10 12 m/s 2 (that is more than 10 11 times that of Earth).
is the object's velocity or the sound speed in the surrounding medium if < R {\displaystyle R} is the Bondi radius, defined as 2 G M / c s 2 {\displaystyle 2GM/c_{s}^{2}} . The Bondi radius comes from setting escape velocity equal to the sound speed and solving for radius.
A neutron star is a highly dense remnant of a star that is primarily composed of neutrons—a particle that is found in most atomic nuclei and has no net electrical charge. The mass of a neutron star is in the range of 1.2 to 2.1 times the mass of the Sun. As a result of the collapse, a newly formed neutron star can have a very rapid rate of ...
A pulsar kick is the name of the phenomenon that often causes a neutron star to move with a different, usually substantially greater, velocity than its progenitor star.The cause of pulsar kicks is unknown, but many astrophysicists believe that it must be due to an asymmetry in the way a supernova explodes.
The escape velocity at the surface, already at least 1 ⁄ 3 light speed, quickly reaches the velocity of light. At that point no energy or matter can escape and a black hole has formed. Because all light and matter is trapped within an event horizon , a black hole appears truly black , except for the possibility of very faint Hawking radiation .
One of the best-known examples of an event horizon derives from general relativity's description of a black hole, a celestial object so dense that no nearby matter or radiation can escape its gravitational field. Often, this is described as the boundary within which the black hole's escape velocity is greater than the speed of light.