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  2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

    A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" (inverted polarity) when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached. Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. Some Zener diodes have an abrupt, heavily doped p–n ...

  3. Diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode

    Electron flow is the reverse of conventional current flow. [1][2][3] A diode is a two- terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance). It has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

  4. Zener effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

    Zener effect. The I-V curve for a diode showing avalanche and Zener breakdown. In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from ...

  5. p–n junction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P–n_junction

    The circuit symbol is also shown. A p–n junction is a combination of two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, in a single crystal. The "n" (negative) side contains freely-moving electrons, while the "p" (positive) side contains freely-moving electron holes. Connecting the two materials causes creation of a depletion region ...

  6. Semiconductor device - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device

    Semiconductor device. A semiconductor device is an electronic component that relies on the electronic properties of a semiconductor material (primarily silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors) for its function. Its conductivity lies between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor devices have replaced vacuum ...

  7. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

    The flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and post embedded inside the epoxy act as anchors, to prevent the conductors from being forcefully pulled out via mechanical strain or vibration. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron ...

  8. Light-emitting diode physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics

    Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light (or infrared radiation) by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process called "electroluminescence". The wavelength of the light produced depends on the energy band gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, [note 1] design ...

  9. Resonant-tunneling diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant-tunneling_diode

    A resonant-tunneling diode (RTD) is a diode with a resonant-tunneling structure in which electrons can tunnel through some resonant states at certain energy levels. The current–voltage characteristic often exhibits negative differential resistance regions. All types of tunneling diodes make use of quantum mechanical tunneling.