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2. Plant–animal interaction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–animal_interaction

   Plant–animal interaction. Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. [1][2] Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and ...

3. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

   the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, the fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and. the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae.

4. Competition (biology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)

   Competition (biology) Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory). [1] Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the amount of the resource available to the other.

5. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

   In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species (interspecific interactions). These effects may be short-term, or long-term, both often strongly influence the adaptation and ...

6. Protocooperation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocooperation

   None of the species rely on the relationship for survival, but all of the fungi, bacteria and higher plants take part in shaping soil composition and fertility. Soil bacteria and fungi interrelate with each other, forming nutrients essential to the plants survival. The plants obtain nutrients from root nodules and decomposing organic substance.

7. Food web - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web

   In a detrital web, plant and animal matter is broken down by decomposers, e.g., bacteria and fungi, and moves to detritivores and then carnivores. [69] There are often relationships between the detrital web and the grazing web. Mushrooms produced by decomposers in the detrital web become a food source for deer, squirrels, and mice in the ...

8. Herbivore - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore

   Kleiber's law describes the relationship between an animal's size and its feeding strategy, saying that larger animals need to eat less food per unit weight than smaller animals. [21] Kleiber's law states that the metabolic rate (q 0 ) of an animal is the mass of the animal (M) raised to the 3/4 power: q 0 =M 3/4

9. Cooperation (evolution) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)

   e. In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. [1] For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and ...