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Almost all commercial timbers of the world are dried in industrial kilns. A comparison of air drying, conventional kiln and solar drying is given below: Timber can be dried to any desired low moisture content by conventional or solar kiln drying, but in air drying, moisture contents of less than 18% are difficult to attain for most locations.
Torrefaction is a thermochemical treatment of biomass at 200 to 320 °C (392 to 608 °F). It is carried out under atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen.During the torrefaction process, the water contained in the biomass as well as superfluous volatiles are released, and the biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) partly decompose, giving off various types of volatiles. [4]
Wood in this process must have a moisture content at 12% or lower which can be attained through simple drying processes. The wood is then placed in a high nitrogen atmosphere with no more than 2% oxygen content. [8] The Perdure Process is relatively similar to retification but holds the wood at a lower temperature. [9]
For cremation (at high temperature) Drying of tobacco leaves; Drying malted barley for brewing and other fermentations; Drying hops for brewing (known as a hop kiln or oast house) Drying corn (grain) before grinding or storage, sometimes called a corn kiln, corn drying kiln [8] Drying green lumber so it can be used immediately; Drying wood for ...
Pyrometric devices gauge heatwork (the combined effect of both time and temperature) when firing materials inside a kiln. Pyrometric devices do not measure temperature, but can report temperature equivalents. In principle, a pyrometric device relates the amount of heat work on ware to a measurable shrinkage or deformation of a regular shape.
Solar-powered or fuel-fired kilns can accelerate the drying process. [5] The most common process of removing the excess moisture is called seasoning. Seasoning by air-drying the wood can take three years or more. Wood is dried in outdoor well-ventilated covered structures, or in a kiln. All wood will release creosote vapors when burned.
The bird flu outbreak has taken concerning turns, with more than 60 human cases confirmed. Experts outlined four signs that the virus is going in the wrong direction.
A process for steam straightening and kiln drying lumber, (1972). [10] A method for producing parallel laminated pine lumber from veneer, (1975). [11] A helical flaking head with multiple cutting circle diameters for milling lumber, (1977). [12] A system for burning green bark to produce heat or power in sawmills, (1977). [13]