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  2. Rule of three (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(aeronautics)

    In aviation, the rule of three or "3:1 rule of descent" is a rule of thumb that 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of travel should be allowed for every 1,000 feet (300 m) of descent. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For example, a descent from flight level 350 would require approximately 35x3=105 nautical miles.

  3. Glide path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_path

    Emission patterns of the localizer and glide slope signals Glide slope station for runway 09R at Hannover Airport in Germany. In aviation, instrument landing system glide path, commonly referred to as a glide path (G/P) or glide slope (G/S), is "a system of vertical guidance embodied in the instrument landing system which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path ...

  4. Instrument landing system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system

    ILS planes. An instrument landing system operates as a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision lateral and vertical guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced ...

  5. Final approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_approach

    An approach slope is the path that an aircraft follows on its final approach to land on a runway. It is ideally a gentle downward slope. A commonly used approach slope is 3° from the horizontal. However, some airports have a steeper approach slope because of topography, buildings, or other considerations.

  6. Precision approach path indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Approach_Path...

    The ratio of white to red lights seen is dependent on the angle of approach to the runway. Above the designated glide slope a pilot will see more white lights than red; below the ideal angle more red lights than white will be seen. At the optimum approach angle the ratio of white to red lights will be equal, for most aircraft.

  7. Instrument landing system localizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system...

    Localizer as component of an ILS (KMEZ runway 27, Mena, Arkansas) Emission patterns of the localizer and glide path signals. An instrument landing system localizer, or simply localizer (LOC, [1] or LLZ prior to 2007 [2]), is a system of horizontal guidance in the instrument landing system, which is used to guide aircraft along the axis of the runway.

  8. Aircraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_dynamics

    This relation is known as the drag coefficient equation: C D = C D ( C L , M , R e ) ≡ {\displaystyle C_{D}=C_{D}(C_{L},M,Re)\equiv } drag coefficient equation The aerodynamic efficiency has a maximum value, E max , respect to C L where the tangent line from the coordinate origin touches the drag coefficient equation plot.

  9. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.