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Therefore, the total number of reads generated in a single experiment is typically normalized by converting counts to fragments, reads, or counts per million mapped reads (FPM, RPM, or CPM). The difference between RPM and FPM was historically derived during the evolution from single-end sequencing of fragments to paired-end sequencing.
Sequencing technologies vary in the length of reads produced. Reads of length 20-40 base pairs (bp) are referred to as ultra-short. [2] Typical sequencers produce read lengths in the range of 100-500 bp. [3] However, Pacific Biosciences platforms produce read lengths of approximately 1500 bp. [4] Read length is a factor which can affect the results of biological studies. [5]
Sequence coverage (or depth) is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. [1] [2] Deep sequencing refers to the general concept of aiming for high number of unique reads of each region of a sequence. [3] Physical coverage, the cumulative length of reads or read pairs expressed as a multiple of ...
There are two common methods in which to construct a DNA molecular-weight size marker. [3] One such method employs the technique of partial ligation. [3] DNA ligation is the process by which linear DNA pieces are connected to each other via covalent bonds; more specifically, these bonds are phosphodiester bonds. [4]
The minimal genome corresponds to small genome sizes, as bacterial genome size correlates with the number of protein-coding genes, typically one gene per kilobase. [1] Mycoplasma genitalium , with a 580 kb genome and 482 protein-coding genes, is a key model for minimal genomes.
In 2012, with cameras operating at more than 10 MHz A/D conversion rates and available optics, fluidics and enzymatics, throughput can be multiples of 1 million nucleotides/second, corresponding roughly to 1 human genome equivalent at 1x coverage per hour per instrument, and 1 human genome re-sequenced (at approx. 30x) per day per instrument ...
Genome size ranges (in base pairs) of various life forms. Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single complete genome.It is typically measured in terms of mass in picograms (trillionths or 10 −12 of a gram, abbreviated pg) or less frequently in daltons, or as the total number of nucleotide base pairs, usually in megabases (millions of base pairs, abbreviated ...
In bioinformatics, sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. [1] This is needed as DNA sequencing technology might not be able to 'read' whole genomes in one go, but rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 30,000 bases, depending on the technology used. [1]