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Gravitational energy, or gravitational potential energy, is the potential energy a massive object has because it is within a gravitational field. In classical mechanics, two or more masses always have a gravitational potential. Conservation of energy requires that this gravitational field energy is always negative, so that it is zero when the ...
The activation energy (E a) of a reaction is measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). [2] Activation energy can be thought of as the magnitude of the potential barrier (sometimes called the energy barrier) separating minima of the potential energy surface pertaining to the initial and final thermodynamic ...
v. t. e. The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter. The law also defines the internal energy ...
The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its amount of substance (number of moles) and to its temperature. where is the isochoric (at constant volume) molar heat capacity of the gas; is constant for an ideal gas. The internal energy of any gas (ideal or not) may be written as a function of the three extensive properties ...
The zero-energy universe hypothesis proposes that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero: its amount of positive energy in the form of matter is exactly canceled out by its negative energy in the form of gravity. [1] Some physicists, such as Lawrence Krauss, Stephen Hawking or Alexander Vilenkin, call or called this state "a ...
When the temperature is negative, higher energy states are more likely to be occupied than low energy ones. Negative temperatures can only exist in a system where there are a limited number of energy states (see below). As the temperature is increased on such a system, particles move into higher and higher energy states, and as the temperature ...
Negative mass. In theoretical physics, negative mass is a hypothetical type of exotic matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg. [1][2] Such matter would violate one or more energy conditions and exhibit strange properties such as the oppositely oriented acceleration for an applied force orientation.
Negative energies and probabilities should not be considered as nonsense. They are well-defined concepts mathematically, like a negative of money. The idea of negative probabilities later received increased attention in physics and particularly in quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman argued [2] that no one objects to using negative numbers in ...