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Phenethylamine [note 1] (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in ...
This is caused by low levels of tyrosine, whose metabolic pathway is blocked by deficiency of PAH. Another skin alteration that might occur is the presence of irritation or dermatitis. The child's behaviour may be influenced as well due to augmented levels of phenethylamine which in turn affects levels of other amines in the brain.
A few endogenous MAEs have been identified, including the trace amines β-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, and tryptamine. [1] [11] At a concentration of 16 μM (1.6 × 10-5 M), β-phenylethylamine has been shown to act as a MAE for norepinephrine (2.6-fold increase), dopamine (1.3-fold increase), and serotonin (2.3-fold increase) in the rat brainstem in vitro.
Phentermine, also known as α,α-dimethylphenethylamine or as α-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] It is the derivative of amphetamine in which a second methyl group is present at the alpha carbon .
3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT), also known as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine, is a human trace amine and the major metabolite of the monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine. [1] [2] It is formed by the introduction of a methyl group to dopamine by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). 3-MT can be further metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) to form homovanillic acid (HVA ...
Besides affecting circulating catecholamine levels and increasing brain dopamine levels via MAO-B inhibition, selegiline strongly increases endogenous levels of β-phenethylamine, a major substrate of MAO-B. [13] Levels of β-phenethylamine in the brain are increased 10- to 30-fold and levels in urine are increased 20- to 90-fold.
Trace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists [1] – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators [2] [3] [4] – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters. [5]
This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in ...