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Kolkata was the first city in India to boast of a metro-system. The government has partially opened up infrastructure to the private sector allowing foreign investment. India holds second position in the world in roadways' construction. As of 2018, there were an estimated 18,170,000 broadband lines in India.
In 2012, around 170 million people, or 12.4% of India's population, lived in poverty (defined as $1.90 (Rs 123.5)), an improvement from 29.8% of India's population in 2009. [29] [30] In their paper, economists Sandhya Krishnan and Neeraj Hatekar conclude that 600 million people, or more than half of India's population, belong to the middle ...
Infrastructure in India is poor when compared to similarly developed nations. [4] The Government of India identified public–private partnerships (PPP) as a way of developing the country's infrastructure. In the 1990s, during India's first liberalization wave, there were various attempts to promote PPPs.
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The share of Indians with access to improved sources of water increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008 and currently stands at 98.7% in 2018. [7] In 1980, rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1%. By 2018, it reached over 98%. [7] [1]: 78 </ref> However, many people still lack access to water and sewage infrastructure.
% of poor population Poor population World Bank (2021) poverty line 1.90 (PPP $ day) 6 84m [7] lower middle-income line 3.20 (PPP $ day) 26.2 365m [7] upper middle-income line 5.50 (PPP $ day) 60.1 838m [7] Asian Development Bank (2014) poverty line $ 1.51 per person per day [8] Tendulkar Expert Group (2009) urban poverty line
Rural poverty is often a product of poor infrastructure that hinders development and mobility. Rural areas tend to lack sufficient roads that would increase access to agricultural inputs and markets. Without roads, the rural poor are cut off from technological development and emerging markets in more urban areas.
According to the World Bank, the Gini coefficient in India was 0.339 in 2009, [17] down from previous values of 0.43 (1995–96) and 0.45 (2004–05). [18] However, in 2016, the International Monetary Fund, in its regional economic outlook for Asia and the Pacific, said that India's Gini coefficient rose from 0.45 (1990) to 0.51 (2013). [19]