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Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere, where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months, otherwise orbital decay will occur, resulting in a return to Earth. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience ...
The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity is an interdisciplinary topic with a long history, involving concepts from electrostatics , atmospheric physics , meteorology and Earth science .
Scientists studying the zone between Earth’s atmosphere and space have spotted unusual X- and C-shaped features that could thwart signals that keep our planet running smoothly.
Lightning strikes the earth 100 times per second. [1]A global atmospheric electrical circuit is the continuous movement of atmospheric charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer (often an ionosphere) and surface.
The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 80 km (50 miles) to 1000 km (600 miles) in altitude, where neutral air is ionized by solar photons, solar particles, and cosmic rays. When high-frequency signals enter the ionosphere at a low angle they are bent back towards the Earth by the ionized layer. [ 1 ]
Katie Ryan, mom of social media star Ava Ryan, opens up about how her funny daughter helped her get over the death of her younger sister. The touching story behind this 7-year-old social media ...
Max and her family moved a lot when she was a kid. Ava Max — born Amanda Ava Koci — is the daughter of Albanian immigrants Paul and Andrea. They fled Albania in 1991, obtained U.S. passports ...