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2. Swimming pool sanitation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation

   Over time, calcium from municipal water tends to accumulate, developing salt deposits in the swimming pool walls and equipment (filters, pumps), reducing their effectiveness. Therefore, it is advised to either completely drain the pool, and refill it with fresh water, or recycle the existing pool water, using reverse osmosis. The advantage of ...

3. Marine biogenic calcification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification

   The distribution of calcium sources described above is the case for both the present day oceanic calcium budget, and the historical budget over the last 25 million years. [50] The formation of biogenic calcium carbonate is the primary mechanism of removal of calcium in the ocean water column. [49]

4. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   It shows sodium ions being released by the resin, and replaced with calcium ions captured from water. Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort

5. Carbonate hardness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_hardness

   Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate (CO 2− 3) and bicarbonate (HCO − 3) anions. Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either in degrees KH (from the German "Karbonathärte"), or in parts per million calcium carbonate ( ppm CaCO 3 or grams CaCO 3 per litre|mg/L).

6. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

   When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...

7. Grain per gallon - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_per_gallon

   The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3.785412 L). It translates into 1 part in about 58,000 parts of water or 17.1 parts per million (ppm). Also called Clark degree (in terms of an imperial gallon).