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Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. These organelles, found in all eukaryotic cells, are the powerhouse of the cell. [1] The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed exclusively from mother to offspring through the egg cell.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup P subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [2] and subsequent published research. P P-C16176T P1 P1d P1d1 P1d1a; P1d2 P1d2a; P1-T152C! P1f; P2'10 P2; P10; P8; P3 P3a; P3b P3b1; P4 P4a P4a1; P4b ...
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum).
Stop codon (red dot) of the human mitochondrial DNA MT-ATP8 gene, and start codon (blue circle) of the MT-ATP6 gene. For each nucleotide triplet (square brackets), the corresponding amino acid is given (one-letter code), either in the +1 reading frame for MT-ATP8 (in red) or in the +3 frame for MT-ATP6 (in blue).
Start codon (blue circle) of the human mitochondrial DNA MT-ATP6 gene. For each nucleotide triplet (square brackets), the corresponding amino acid is given (one-letter code), either in the +1 reading frame for MT-ATP8 (in red) or in the +3 frame for MT-ATP6 (in blue). In this genomic region, the two genes overlap.
This gene encodes a mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase.The gene product is responsible for mitochondrial gene expression as well as for providing RNA primers for initiation of replication of the mitochondrial genome.
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa. [4] Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N.
Location of the MT-CO1 gene in the human mitochondrial genome.MT-CO1 is one of the three cytochrome c oxidase subunit mitochondrial genes (orange boxes).. Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene in eukaryotes. [6]