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For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base. NaOH(aq) → Na + (aq) + OH − (aq) Therefore, when a strong acid reacts with a strong base the neutralization reaction can be written as H + + OH − → H 2 O. For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide the sodium and chloride ions, Na + and Cl − take ...
This is effectively a chain reaction of electron generation, and is dependent on the free electrons gaining sufficient energy between collisions to sustain the avalanche. [17] Ionization efficiency is the ratio of the number of ions formed to the number of electrons or photons used. [18] [19]
A spectator ion is an ion that exists both as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation of an aqueous solution. [1] For example, in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and copper(II) sulfate: 2 Na + + CO 2− 3 (aq) + Cu 2+ (aq) + SO 2− 4 (aq) → 2 Na + (aq) + SO 2− 4 (aq) + CuCO 3
The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na + (aq) + Cl ...
A certain amount of energy, which may be large enough, is required to remove an electron from an atom or a molecule in its ground state. [12] [13] In chemi-ionization processes, the energy consumed by the ionization must be stored in atoms or molecules in a form of potencial energy or can be obtained from an accompanying exothermic chemical change (for example, from a formation of a new ...
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]
In some reactions between highly reactive metals (usually from Group 1 or Group 2) and highly electronegative halogen gases, or water, the atoms can be ionized by electron transfer, [16] a process thermodynamically understood using the Born–Haber cycle. [17] Salts are formed by salt-forming reactions. A base and an acid, e.g., NH 3 + HCl → ...
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, [1] and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions ...