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High-quality labeled training datasets for supervised and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms are usually difficult and expensive to produce because of the large amount of time needed to label the data. Although they do not need to be labeled, high-quality datasets for unsupervised learning can also be difficult and costly to produce ...
Conceptual clustering is a machine learning paradigm for unsupervised classification that has been defined by Ryszard S. Michalski in 1980 (Fisher 1987, Michalski 1980) and developed mainly during the 1980s.
Unsupervised learning is a framework in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled data. [1] Other frameworks in the spectrum of supervisions include weak- or semi-supervision , where a small portion of the data is tagged, and self-supervision .
Competitive learning is a form of unsupervised learning in artificial neural networks, in which nodes compete for the right to respond to a subset of the input data. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A variant of Hebbian learning , competitive learning works by increasing the specialization of each node in the network.
R, G are weights used by the wake-sleep algorithm to modify data inside the layers. The wake-sleep algorithm [1] is an unsupervised learning algorithm for deep generative models, especially Helmholtz Machines. [2] The algorithm is similar to the expectation-maximization algorithm, [3] and optimizes the model likelihood for observed data. [4]
Discrete search algorithms [1] Uninformed search [2] Brute force search; Search tree. Breadth-first search; Depth-first search; State space search; Informed search [3] Best-first search; A* search algorithm; Heuristics; Pruning (algorithm) Adversarial search Minmax algorithm; Logic as search [4] Production system (computer science), Rule based ...
The plain transformer architecture had difficulty converging. In the original paper [1] the authors recommended using learning rate warmup. That is, the learning rate should linearly scale up from 0 to maximal value for the first part of the training (usually recommended to be 2% of the total number of training steps), before decaying again.
A simple example is fitting a line in two dimensions to a set of observations. Assuming that this set contains both inliers, i.e., points which approximately can be fitted to a line, and outliers, points which cannot be fitted to this line, a simple least squares method for line fitting will generally produce a line with a bad fit to the data including inliers and outliers.