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Oxalate occurs in many plants, where it is synthesized by the incomplete oxidation of saccharides. Several plant foods such as the root and/or leaves of spinach, rhubarb, and buckwheat are high in oxalic acid and can contribute to the formation of kidney stones in some individuals. Other oxalate-rich plants include fat hen ("lamb's quarters ...
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
Oxalate oxidase （Enzyme Commission number EC 1.2.3.4 [2] ）occurs mainly in plants. It can degrade oxalic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. [3]Oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC，EC 4.1.1.2) is a kind of oxalate degrading enzyme containing Mn 2+, [4] found mainly in fungi or some bacteria.
Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate as it has been reported in more than 1000 different genera of plants. [7] The calcium oxalate accumulation is linked to the detoxification of calcium (Ca 2+) in the plant. [8] Upon decomposition, the calcium oxalate is oxidised by bacteria, fungi, or wildfire to produce the soil nutrient calcium carbonate. [9]
A number of biochemical pathways for calcium oxalate biomineralization in plants have been proposed. Among these is the cleavage of isocitrate, the hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, glycolate/glyoxylate oxidation, and/or oxidative cleavage of L-ascorbic acid. [9] The cleavage of ascorbic acid appears to be the most studied pathway.
The number indicates the degree of oxidation of each element caused by molecular bonding. In ionic compounds, the oxidation numbers are the same as the element's ionic charge. Thus for KCl, potassium is assigned +1 and chlorine is assigned -1. [4] The complete set of rules for assigning oxidation numbers are discussed in the following sections.
When an oxidizer (Ox) accepts a number z of electrons ( e −) to be converted in its reduced form (Red), the half-reaction is expressed as: Ox + z e − → Red. The reaction quotient (Q r) is the ratio of the chemical activity (a i) of the reduced form (the reductant, a Red) to the activity of the oxidized form (the oxidant, a ox).
In enzymology, an oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) is an oxalate degrading enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: oxalate + O 2 + 2 H + ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are oxalate , O 2 , and H + , whereas its two products are CO 2 and H 2 O 2 .