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  2. Optimal tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_tax

    Corporation income taxes are based on corporate profits. In the Journal of Political Economy, in an article "The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax" Harberger provided a theoretical framework to understand the effects of corporate income taxes and to determine the impact of such taxes in the United States. [23]

  3. Slutsky equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsky_equation

    This says that when rises, there is a substitution effect of / towards good 1. At the same time, the rise in has a negative income effect on good 1's demand, an opposite effect of the exact same size as the substitution effect, so the net effect is zero. This is a special property of the Cobb-Douglas function.

  4. Utility maximization problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_maximization_problem

    The income effect occurs when the change in prices of goods cause a change in income. If the price of one good rises, then income is decreased (more costly than before to consume the same bundle), the same goes if the price of a good falls, income is increased (cheeper to consume the same bundle, they can therefore consume more of their desired ...

  5. Constrained optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_optimization

    For very simple problems, say a function of two variables subject to a single equality constraint, it is most practical to apply the method of substitution. [4] The idea is to substitute the constraint into the objective function to create a composite function that incorporates the effect of the constraint.

  6. Tax efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_efficiency

    Substitution effect means that the taxpayer changes their preferences as their marginal benefits from the consumption of goods, income, labor, leisure, etc. Only flat taxes do not cause this effect. Its size depends on the marginal tax rate. The higher is the marginal rate, the higher is the substitution effect. [2]

  7. What Do the Richest 1% Really Pay in Taxes? - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/richest-1-really-pay-taxes...

    6. New Jersey Average income of the top 1%: $1,581,829 Single filers:Total income and sales taxes paid: $680,304 Tax burden: 43.01% Married couples filing jointly:Total income and sales taxes paid ...

  8. Here are 9 states cutting their individual income taxes on Jan. 1

    www.aol.com/9-states-cutting-individual-income...

    Iowa, which also has a Republican trifecta controlling its statehouse and governor's office, is trimming its individual income tax rate to a flat rate of 3.8% starting Jan. 1, down from a top tax ...

  9. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Sunday, January 19

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    Spoilers ahead! We've warned you. We mean it. Read no further until you really want some clues or you've completely given up and want the answers ASAP. Get ready for all of today's NYT ...