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However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C [41] (due to freezing-point depression of a solvent containing a solute) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C.
At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling temperature of pure water), the amount of salt that can be dissolved in one liter of water increases to about 391 grams, a concentration of 28.1% w/w.
The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges. The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note ...
Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water.
The water underneath becomes saltier and colder, leading to an increase in density. This parcel of water in the Okhotsk Sea is referred to as dense shelf water (DSW). The saltier and colder a water parcel is, the denser it becomes, causing it to sink below other parcels of water. For this reason, the DSW will begin to sink within the water column.
Supercooling is the cooling of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming solid. Freezing point depression is when a solution can be cooled below the freezing point of the corresponding pure liquid due to the presence of the solute; an example of this is the freezing point depression that occurs when salt is added to pure water.
Anything dissolved in water can have the same effect of lowering the freezing temperature, but salt is used, Ferguson says, because when one unit of salt dissolves, it yields two to three ...
In the case of volumic thermal expansion at constant pressure and small intervals of temperature the temperature dependence of density is = +, where ρ T 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{T_{0}}} is the density at a reference temperature, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the thermal expansion coefficient of the material at temperatures close to T 0 ...