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In pseudomembraneous candidiasis, the membranous slough can be wiped away to reveal an erythematous surface underneath. This is helpful in distinguishing pseudomembraneous candidiasis from other white lesions in the mouth that cannot be wiped away, such as lichen planus, oral hairy leukoplakia. Erythematous candidiasis can mimic geographic tongue.
Larger white patches are more likely to undergo malignant transformation than smaller lesions. [3] White patches which have been present for a long period of time have a higher risk. [3] Persons with a positive family history of cancer in the mouth. [3] Candida infection in the presence of dysplasia has a small increased risk. [3]
They are small white or yellow cystic vesicles (1 to 3 mm in size) often seen in the median palatal raphe of the mouth of newborn infants (occur in 60-85% of newborns). They are typically seen on the roof of the mouth (palate) and are filled with keratin. They are caused by entrapped epithelium (fissural cyst) during the development of the palate.
Leukoedema lesions disappear when the mucosa is stretched, which helps to differentiate it from other white lesions in the mouth. [2] The differential diagnosis is with leukoplakia , oral candidiasis , oral lichen planus , white sponge nevus , morsicatio buccarum , [ 3 ] hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis and dyskeratosis congenita.
Gongylonema pulchrum was first named and presented with its own species by Molin in 1857. The first reported case was in 1850 by Dr. Joseph Leidy, when he identified a worm "obtained from the mouth of a child" from the Philadelphia Academy (however, an earlier case may have been treated in patient Elizabeth Livingstone in the seventeenth century [2]).
Oral ecology is being more comprehensively mapped, including the tongue, the teeth, the gums, salivary glands, etc. which are home to these communities of different microorganisms. [18] The host's immune system controls the bacterial colonization of the mouth and prevents local infection of tissues.
Desquamative gingivitis is a descriptive clinical term, not a diagnosis. [1] Dermatologic conditions cause about 75% of cases of desquamative gingivitis, and over 95% of the dermatologic cases are accounted for by either oral lichen planus or cicatricial pemphigoid. [1]
In herpetic gingivostomatitis, lesions can be found in these locations, but they are almost always accompanied by ulcerations on the gums, lips, tongue or buccal mucosa and/or by hyperemia, hypertrophy or hemorrhage of the gums. [15] Hand Foot and Mouth Disease: Similar to herpangina, hand foot and mouth disease occurs predominantly in children.
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