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Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a burning, tingling or scalding sensation in the mouth, lasting for at least four to six months, with no underlying known dental or medical cause. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] No related signs of disease are found in the mouth. [ 3 ]
[4] [5] The condition is the most severe form of ichthyosis (except for syndromes that include ichthyosis, for example, Neu–Laxova syndrome), a group of genetic disorders characterised by scaly skin. [8] Harlequin-type ichthyosis is caused by mutations in the ABCA12 gene. [4]
In reflection of this, some of the synonyms for the condition include tongue-specific terms such as "glossodynia" or "burning tongue syndrome". Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by chronic burning sensation on the tongue and other oral mucous membranes in the absences of any identifiable signs or causes.
A hairy tongue may be an indication of Epstein Barr virus infection and is usually seen in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Other systemic diseases that can cause the tongue to form aphthous ulcers are: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Behcet's Syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, herpes simplex, histoplasmosis, and reactive ...
Sometimes poorly constructed prosthetic teeth may be the cause if the original bite is altered. Usually, the teeth are placed too far facially (i.e., buccally and/or labially), outside the " neutral zone ", which is the term for the area where the dental arch is usually situated, where lateral forces between the tongue and cheek musculature are ...
A major cause of dysgeusia is chemotherapy for cancer. Chemotherapy often induces damage to the oral cavity, resulting in oral mucositis, oral infection, and salivary gland dysfunction. Oral mucositis consists of inflammation of the mouth, along with sores and ulcers in the tissues. [3]
Sometimes the lips, the gums and the tongue can simultaneously be involved, and some authors have described this triad as a syndrome ("plasma-cell gingivostomatitis"). [3] The mucous membranes of the genitals can also be involved by a similar condition, termed " plasma cell balanitis " [ 2 ] or " plasma cell vulvitis ".
In humans, oral candidiasis is the most common form of candidiasis, [17] by far the most common fungal infection of the mouth, [5] and it also represents the most common opportunistic oral infection in humans [40] with lesions only occurring when the environment favors pathogenic behavior.