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  2. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    Acyl substitution occurs when a nucleophile attacks a carbon that is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to another oxygen (can be N or S or a halogen), called an acyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbon causing the double bond to break into a single bond. The double can then reform, kicking off the leaving group in the process.

  3. Flippin–Lodge angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flippin–Lodge_angle

    The Flippin–Lodge angle is one of two angles used by organic and biological chemists studying the relationship between a molecule's chemical structure and ways that it reacts, for reactions involving "attack" of an electron-rich reacting species, the nucleophile, on an electron-poor reacting species, the electrophile.

  4. Nucleophilic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution

    In chemistry, a nucleophilic substitution (S N) is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile). The molecule that contains the electrophile and the leaving functional group is called the ...

  5. Electrophile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile

    In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. [1] Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids . [ 2 ] Most electrophiles are positively charged , have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.

  6. Nucleophile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile

    A hydroxide ion acting as a nucleophile in an S N 2 reaction, converting a haloalkane into an alcohol. In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they ...

  7. The Sneaky Sign of Inflammation You Shouldn't Ignore - AOL

    www.aol.com/sneaky-sign-inflammation-shouldnt...

    "Hearst Magazines and Yahoo may earn commission or revenue on some items through these links." Most of us are familiar with the signs of acute inflammation.If you’ve ever had a swollen, sprained ...

  8. Nucleophilic addition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition

    This makes the molecule an electrophile, and the carbon atom the electrophilic center; this atom is the primary target for the nucleophile. Chemists have developed a geometric system to describe the approach of the nucleophile to the electrophilic center, using two angles, the Bürgi–Dunitz and the Flippin–Lodge angles after scientists that ...

  9. AOL Mail - AOL Help

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    Get answers to your AOL Mail, login, Desktop Gold, AOL app, password and subscription questions. Find the support options to contact customer care by email, chat, or phone number.