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The vagus nerve. Polyvagal theory (PVT) is a collection of proposed evolutionary, neuroscientific, and psychological constructs pertaining to the role of the vagus nerve in emotion regulation, social connection and fear response. The theory was introduced in 1994 by Stephen Porges. [1]
Stephen W. Porges (born 1945) is an American psychologist.He is the Professor of Psychiatry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [1] Porges is also currently Director of the Kinsey Institute Traumatic Stress Research Consortium at Indiana University Bloomington, [2] which studies trauma.
The vagus nerve is also responsible for regulating inflammation in the body, via the inflammatory reflex. [7] Efferent vagus nerve fibers innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the gag reflex. In addition, 5-HT 3 receptor-mediated afferent vagus stimulation in the gut due to gastroenteritis is a cause of vomiting. [8]
A related theory—enhanced perceptual functioning—focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and perceptual operations in autistic individuals. [74] Yet another, monotropism, posits that autism stems from a different cognitive style, tending to focus attention (or processing resources) intensely, to the exclusion of other stimuli. [75]
From the understanding of these diseases, the disease modifying therapies are known to be aspects that help prevent the progress of these diseases that focus on the gut-brain axis. Relevant therapies are the Vagus nerve stimulation, the Fecal microbiota transplantation, the use of Rifaximun and other drugs directed towards the gut. [46]
Thus, the prefrontal input to the ANS modulate the inflammatory response to psychological stress in part via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. [14] In recent years, this PFC-Vagus Nerve-Spleen axis has been linked to cellular senescence [15] [16] and various pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. [17] [18]
The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system, often called the “rest and digest” system because it helps the body relax after periods of stress and regulates bodily functions ...
The polyvagal theory by Porges is an influential model of how the vagal pathways respond to novelty and to stressful external stimuli. [30] [31] [32] The theory proposes that there are two vagal systems, one that is shared with reptiles and amphibia and a second, more recent, system that is unique to mammals. The two pathways behave differently ...