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  2. Puddling (civil engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddling_(civil_engineering)

    To make puddle, clay or heavy loam is chopped with a spade and mixed into a plastic state with water and sometimes coarse sand or grit to discourage excavation by moles or water voles. The puddle is laid about 10 inches (25 cm) thick at the sides and nearly 3 ft (0.91 m) thick at the bottom of a canal, built up in layers.

  3. Montmorillonite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite

    The individual crystals of montmorillonite clay are not tightly bound hence water can intervene, causing the clay to swell, hence montmorillonite is a characteristic component of swelling soil. The water content of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when it absorbs water.

  4. Vitrified clay pipe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrified_clay_pipe

    Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) is pipe made from a blend of clay and shale that has been subjected to high temperature to achieve vitrification, which results in a hard, inert ceramic. VCP is commonly used in gravity sewer collection mains because of its long life and resistance to almost all domestic and industrial sewage , particularly the ...

  5. Vitrification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrification

    It prevents ice crystal formation and is a very fast process: -23,000 °C/min. Currently, vitrification techniques have only been applied to brains ( neurovitrification ) by Alcor and to the upper body by the Cryonics Institute , but research is in progress by both organizations to apply vitrification to the whole body.

  6. Sepiolite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolite

    Sepiolite, [5] also known in English by the German name meerschaum (/ ˈ m ɪər ʃ ɔː m / MEER-shawm, /-ʃ əm /-⁠shəm; German: [ˈmeːɐ̯ʃaʊm] ⓘ; meaning "sea foam"), is a soft white clay mineral, often used to make tobacco pipes (known as meerschaum pipes).

  7. Catlinite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catlinite

    In the United Kingdom, since the 17th century "pipe-clay" has meant a pale, whitish clay. The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "fine white kind of clay, which forms a ductile paste with water". It is traditionally used for all sorts of polishing and whitening purposes as well as for making tobacco pipes and pottery.

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    mail.aol.com

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  9. Mineral hydration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_hydration

    The other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral, [1] as with the hydration of feldspars to clay minerals, garnet to chlorite, or kyanite to muscovite. [citation needed] Mineral hydration is also a process in the regolith that results in conversion of silicate minerals into clay ...