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With minor exposure, spontaneous recovery can thus be expected. In the relatively rare case of clinically significant respiratory paralysis, symptomatic treatment in the form of oxygen supplementation and/or mechanical ventilation should be employed until symptoms subside. [citation needed]
Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In fisheries biology, for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. [9] Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts.
Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin naturally produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates (Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.) and freshwater cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum cicinale sp., some Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.) [1] [2] Saxitoxin accumulates in "planktivorous invertebrates, including mollusks (bivalves and gastropods ...
Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish, it is found in several other animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopi, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails).
Ciguatoxin is found in over 400 species of reef fish. Avoiding consumption of all reef fish is the only sure way to avoid exposure. [31] Imported fish served in restaurants may contain the toxin and produce illness which often goes unexplained by physicians unfamiliar with the symptoms of a tropical toxin.
Of all evaluated fish species, 8.1% are listed as vulnerable. The IUCN also lists eight fish subspecies as vulnerable. Of the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the IUCN, 18 species subpopulations have been assessed as vulnerable. For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative ...
Use of the herbal fish poisons has been documented in a number of sources involving catching fish from fresh and sea water. [3] Tribal people historically used various plants for medicinal and food exploitation purposes. [4] Use of fish poisons is a very old practice in the history of humankind.
Blooms have been noted to occur as far north as North Carolina and are commonly seen alongside the widespread death of fish and sea birds. [4] In addition to the effects on human health, the economic impact of HAB-associated shellfish toxin outbreaks can have significant economic implications as well due to not only the associated healthcare ...