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HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the ...
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the urn scheme.URNs are globally unique persistent identifiers assigned within defined namespaces so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. [1]
Originally, the namespace name could match the syntax of any non-empty URI reference, but the use of relative URI references was deprecated by the W3C. [31] A separate W3C specification for namespaces in XML 1.1 permits Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) references to serve as the basis for namespace names in addition to URI references.
A Uniform Resource Identifier helps identify a source without ambiguity. Many URI schemes are registered with the IANA; however, there exist many unofficial URI schemes as well. Mobile deep links are one example of a class of unofficial URI schemes that allow for linking directly to a specific location in a mobile app.
More recently work has also been done on distributing delegation, so e.g. clients of a search engine (finding cheap hotel rooms) can use a shared entity using delegation to share best hits and general re-usable functionality. Delegation has also been suggested for advice resolution in aspect-oriented programming by Ernst and Lorenz in 2003.
Some compilers (for languages such as C++) combine namespaces and names for internal use in the compiler in a process called name mangling. As well as its abstract language technical usage as described above, some languages have a specific keyword used for explicit namespace control, amongst other uses. Below is an example of a namespace in C++:
The character sequence of two slash characters (//) after the string file: denotes that either a hostname or the literal term localhost follows, [3] although this part may be omitted entirely, or may contain an empty hostname. [4] The single slash between host and path denotes the start of the local-path part of the URI and must be present. [5]
The Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is an internet protocol standard which builds on the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) protocol by greatly expanding the set of permitted characters. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 in RFC 3987.