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By the mid-1930s, Blenko glassware was for sale in department stores such as Macy's, Lazarus, and Neiman Marcus. [4] In 1947, the company hired Winslow Anderson as a full-time designer. This began its use of glassware designers, which enabled it to gain a reputation as a leader in contemporary glassware. [8]
Inspector at the cool end of a lehr. In the manufacture of float glass, a lehr oven is a long kiln with an end-to-end temperature gradient, which is used for annealing newly made glass objects that are transported through the temperature gradient either on rollers or on a conveyor belt.
Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture. Especially for smaller, simpler objects, annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture, but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature-controlled kiln known as a lehr. [1]
An oven used for annealing is called a lehr. [6] Because most glass plants melted their ingredients in a pot during the 1880s, a plant's number of pots was often used to describe capacity. [7] A major expense for glass factories is fuel for the furnace. [8] Wood and coal had long been used as fuel for glassmaking.
During the 1860s annealing kilns were replaced in the United States with a conveyor oven, called a lehr, that was less labor-intensive. [ 12 ] Until the 1760s, most glass produced in what would become the United States was "green" or "bottle" glass, which has a greenish color because of impurities in the sand used in the batch—and a lack of ...
Annealing is most often used to soften a metal for cold working, to improve machinability, or to enhance properties like electrical conductivity. In ferrous alloys, annealing is usually accomplished by heating the metal beyond the upper critical temperature and then cooling very slowly, resulting in the formation of pearlite .
The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal's surface, resulting in scale. If scale must be avoided, annealing is carried out in a special atmosphere, such as with endothermic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas). Annealing is also done in forming gas, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen.
For example, a low-temperature vacuum oven can be used for drying biomass much more efficiently than drying alone. [3] Similarly, microwave-vacuum drying has shown potential for drying foods like cranberries. [4] [5] At temperatures below 1200 °C, a vacuum furnace is commonly used for the heat treatment of steel alloys. Many general heat ...
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200 Ritchie Dr, South Vienna, OH · Directions · (937) 568-9500