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The original form of the pattern, appearing in Pattern Languages of Program Design 3, [2] has data races, depending on the memory model in use, and it is hard to get right. Some consider it to be an anti-pattern. [3] There are valid forms of the pattern, including the use of the volatile keyword in Java and explicit memory barriers in C++. [4]
In order to fully utilize the bandwidth of different types of memory such as caches and memory banks, few compilers or CPU architectures ensure perfectly strong ordering. [1] [5] Among the commonly used architectures, x86-64 processors have the strongest memory order, but may still defer memory store instructions until after memory load ...
The Java Memory Model (JMM) defines the allowable behavior of multithreaded programs, and therefore describes when such reorderings are possible. It places execution-time constraints on the relationship between threads and main memory in order to achieve consistent and reliable Java applications.
C# doesn't support automatic unboxing in the same meaning as Java, because it doesn't have a separate set of primitive types and object types. All types that have both primitive and object version in Java, are automatically implemented by the C# compiler as either primitive (value) types or object (reference) types.
The memory model specifies synchronization barriers that are established via special, well-defined synchronization operations such as acquiring a lock by entering a synchronized block or method. The memory model stipulates that changes to the values of shared variables only need to be made visible to other threads when such a synchronization ...
A database system in a multidatabase environment is assumed. From a software architecture point of view, a CO component that implements the generic CO algorithm locally, the Commitment Order Coordinator (COCO), can be designed straightforwardly as a mediator between a (single) database system and an atomic commitment protocol component ...
The following multi-threaded program, running on a multi-core processor gives an example of how such out-of-order execution can affect program behavior: Initially, memory locations x and f both hold the value 0. The software thread running on processor #1 loops while the value of f is zero, then it prints the value of x.
Read and write addresses are initially both at the first memory location and the FIFO queue is empty. In both cases, the read and write addresses end up being equal. To distinguish between the two situations, a simple and robust solution is to add one extra bit for each read and write address which is inverted each time the address wraps. With ...