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Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4- d ihydr o xy p henethyl amine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain.
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. [ 1 ] Each pathway is a set of projection neurons, consisting of individual dopaminergic neurons.
The connection between dopamine and beta cells was discovered, in part, due to the metabolic side-effects of certain antipsychotic medications. [32] [33] Traditional/typical antipsychotic medications function by altering the dopamine pathway in the brain, such as blocking D2 receptors. [34]
The mesolimbic pathway is a collection of dopaminergic (i.e., dopamine -releasing) neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and olfactory tubercle. [9] It is one of the component pathways of the medial forebrain bundle, which is a set of neural pathways that ...
Dopaminergic cell groups. Dopaminergic cell groups, DA cell groups, or dopaminergic nuclei are collections of neurons in the central nervous system that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine. [1] In the 1960s, dopaminergic neurons or dopamine neurons were first identified and named by Annica Dahlström and Kjell Fuxe, who used histochemical ...
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, [1] or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system and other dopamine ...
The nigrostriatal pathway is a bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the forebrain. It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain, and is critical in the production of movement as part of ...
Illustration of the brain and spinal cord connecting to a muscle, illustrating the connection between the central and peripheral nervous system. Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine , serotonin , acetylcholine , histamine , norepinephrine , nitric oxide , and several neuropeptides .