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Code of Hammurabi at Wikisource. The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC. It is the longest, best-organized, and best-preserved legal text from the ancient Near East. It is written in the Old Babylonian dialect of Akkadian, purportedly by Hammurabi, sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon.
The principle is found in Babylonian Law. [7] [8] If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury. The retribution might be worse than the crime, perhaps even death.
Hammurabi (/ ˌxæmʊˈrɑːbi /; Old Babylonian Akkadian: 𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉, romanized:Ḫâmmurapi; [ a ]c.1810 – c. 1750 BC), also spelled Hammurapi, [ 3 ][ 4 ] was the sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire, reigning from c.1792 to c.1750 BC. He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health.
Code of Ur-Nammu. The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known law code surviving today. It is from Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language c. 2100–2050 BCE. It contains strong statements of royal power like "I eliminated enmity, violence, and cries for justice."
Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it. So-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts.
The Babylonian title was gradually abandoned by the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (r. 486–465 BC), after he had to put down a major Babylonian uprising. Xerxes also divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy into smaller sub-units and, according to some sources, damaged the city itself in an act of retribution. [17]
The Deuteronomic Code is the name given by academics to the law code set out in chapters 12 to 26 of the Book of Deuteronomy in the Hebrew Bible. [1] The code outlines a special relationship between the Israelites and Yahweh [2] and provides instructions covering "a variety of topics including religious ceremonies and ritual purity, civil and criminal law, and the conduct of war". [1]
The Babyloniaca is a text written in the Greek language by the Babylonian priest and historian Berossus in the 3rd century BCE. Although the work is now lost, it survives in substantial fragments from subsequent authors, especially in the works of the fourth-century CE Christian author and bishop Eusebius, [1] and was known to a limited extent in learned circles as late as late antiquity. [2]