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Turbo coding is an iterated soft-decoding scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit.
Near-optimal erasure codes require (1 + ε)k symbols to recover the message (where ε>0). Reducing ε can be done at the cost of CPU time. Reducing ε can be done at the cost of CPU time. Near-optimal erasure codes trade correction capabilities for computational complexity: practical algorithms can encode and decode with linear time complexity.
In information theory, polar codes are a linear block error-correcting codes. The code construction is based on a multiple recursive concatenation of a short kernel code which transforms the physical channel into virtual outer channels.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [33] Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional ...
The analysis of errors computed using the global positioning system is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected. The Global Positioning System makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects but there are still residual errors which are not corrected.
The forward–backward algorithm runs with time complexity () in space (), where is the length of the time sequence and is the number of symbols in the state alphabet. [1] The algorithm can also run in constant space with time complexity O ( S 2 T 2 ) {\displaystyle O(S^{2}T^{2})} by recomputing values at each step. [ 2 ]
[4] [5] The codes were largely ignored at the time, as their iterative decoding algorithm (despite having linear complexity), was prohibitively computationally expensive for the hardware available. Renewed interest in the codes emerged following the invention of the closely-related turbo codes (1993), whose similarly iterative decoding ...
Forward checking only checks whether each of the unassigned variables x 3 and x 4 is consistent with the partial assignment, removing the value 2 from their domains. The simpler technique for evaluating the effect of a specific assignment to a variable is called forward checking . [ 1 ]