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The Fourth Geneva Convention only concerns protected civilians in occupied territory rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the strategic bombing during World War II. [4] The 1977 Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions (AP-1) prohibits all intentional attacks on "the civilian population and civilian objects."
A facsimile of the signature-and-seals page of the 1864 Geneva Convention, which established humane rules of war The original document in single pages, 1864 [1]. The Geneva Conventions are international humanitarian laws consisting of four treaties and three additional protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war.
Conventions I–IV and Protocols I–II ratified as North Yemen. [4] [41] Conventions I–IV also ratified by South Yemen in 1977 prior to Yemeni unification. [42] Zambia: 1966 1995 1995 — — Zimbabwe: 1983 1992 1992 — — Totals Ratified 196 174 169 79 76 Signed only 0 3 3 20 N/A
Definition of military victim is given by the Article 13 of the 1st Geneva Convention 1949 [7] and by the Article 4 of the 2nd Geneva Convention 1949 for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea. [20] There are several sub-categories of military victims:
Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, try and punish, anyone who had committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. (Third Geneva Convention, Article 129 and Article 130.) Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed unlawful combatants.
The Geneva Conventions apply in wars between two or more opposing sovereign states. [4] They do not apply to civil wars between state forces, whether territorial or third state, and non-state armed groups. A state in such a conflict is legally bound only to observe Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.
Competent Tribunal is a term used in Article 5 paragraph 2 of the Third Geneva Convention, which states: . Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has ...
Article 8(2)(b)(iv) draws on the principles in Article 51(5)(b) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, but restricts the criminal prohibition to cases that are "clearly" excessive. The application of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) requires, inter alia, an assessment of: (a) the anticipated civilian damage or injury;