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A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white. [2]
In the aluminum industry, the process is also called chemical film [13] or yellow iridite, [13] Commercial trademarked names include Iridite [13] and Bonderite [14] (formerly known as Alodine, or Alocrom in the UK). [15] The main standards for chromate conversion coating of aluminium are MIL-DTL-5541 in the US, and Def Stan 03/18 in the UK.
Aluminium oxynitride (marketed under the name ALON by Surmet Corporation [3]) is a transparent ceramic composed of aluminium, oxygen and nitrogen.Aluminium oxynitride is optically transparent (≥80% for 2 mm thickness) in the near-ultraviolet, visible, and mid-wave-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Anodizing in some organic acids, for example malic acid, can enter a 'runaway' situation, in which the current drives the acid to attack the aluminium far more aggressively than normal, resulting in huge pits and scarring. Also, if the current or voltage are driven too high, 'burning' can set in; in this case, the supplies act as if nearly ...
Solution of sodium polysulfide 2.5%, items must be submerged in the solution after color developing, wash, dry and wax or varnish colored object. [27] Brown for copper. Items are boiled in at least 3-day-old water solution of 12% copper sulfate, after color being developed, the material is washed, dried and waxed or varnished. [27] Black for iron
Barbara Kanegsberg ed.: Handbook for critical cleaning. 2001, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. ISBN 0-8493-1655-3; Malcolm C. McLaughlin et al.: The aqueous cleaning handbook : a guide to critical-cleaning procedures, techniques, and validation. 2000, The Morris-Lee Publishing Group, Rosemont, New Jersey, USA. ISBN 0-9645356-7-X
Strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are common, but different applications use various other acids. Also alkaline solutions can be used for cleaning metal surfaces. Solutions usually also contain additives such as wetting agents and corrosion inhibitors. Pickling is sometimes called acid cleaning if descaling is not needed ...
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
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