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The earliest known production is the 1969 calendar printed in the Meretricious fanzine in December 1968. It was illustrated by Tim Kirk. [1]Ian and Betty Ballantine of Ballantine Books, publishers of The Lord of the Rings in the United States from the 1960s, brought out a Tolkien Calendar in 1973; Ian Ballantine sent a copy to J. R. R. Tolkien, explaining that he always aimed to please the author.
The English philologist and author J. R. R. Tolkien created several constructed languages, mostly related to his fictional world of Middle-earth.Inventing languages, something that he called glossopoeia (paralleling his idea of mythopoeia or myth-making), was a lifelong occupation for Tolkien, starting in his teens.
His son, Christian Tolkien (1706–1791), moved from Kreuzburg to nearby Danzig, and his two sons Daniel Gottlieb Tolkien (1747–1813) and Johann (later known as John) Benjamin Tolkien (1752–1819) emigrated to London in the 1770s and became the ancestors of the English family; the younger brother was J. R. R. Tolkien's second great-grandfather.
The language names and evolution shown for Middle-earth are as used in the 1937 Lhammas. [6] This was internally consistent, but for one thing. Central to the story was the history of the Noldor. Their language, Noldorin, evolved very slowly in the changeless atmosphere of Valinor. Tolkien had developed its linguistics in some detail.
The calendars were an element of early Germanic culture. The Germanic peoples had names for the months that varied by region and dialect, but they were later replaced with local adaptations of the Julian month names. Records of Old English and Old High German month names date to the 8th and 9th centuries, respectively.
J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings has been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of languages from the original English. He was critical of some early versions, and made efforts to improve translation by providing a detailed "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings", alongside an appendix "On Translation" in the book itself.
Part II: "Tolkien as Wordwright" traces ways in which Tolkien's philology—his love and understanding of words and language—shaped and nourished both his academic and his literary work. He could trace words back in history, and deduce their unrecorded original forms, and he could follow words through time as they developed new meanings.
J. R. R. Tolkien was an English author and philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English; he spent much of his career as a professor at the University of Oxford. [1] He is best known for his novels about his invented Middle-earth , The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , and for the posthumously published The ...