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The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
Nicotine dependence[notes 2] is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. [3] It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the drug despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. [7] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [8]
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a medically approved way to treat people with tobacco use disorder by taking nicotine through means other than tobacco. [ 6 ] It is used to help with quitting smoking or stopping chewing tobacco. [ 1 ][ 7 ] It increases the chance of quitting tobacco smoking by about 55%. [ 8 ]
Evidence revealed that common medicines varenicline, cytisine, and nicotine e-cigarettes were the most effective treatments. Varenicline is a prescription oral tablet designed to help with smoking ...
A new review, which included more than 300 prior studies, has identified the three most effective tools to quit smoking. The most effective smoking cessation tools include the medication ...
Nicotine products like gum and mints — which some people use to help curb their addition and eventually quit smoking and vaping — are the “least harmful” way to consume nicotine, according ...
Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in humans and is considered a teratogen. [42] [43] The median lethal dose of nicotine in humans is unknown. [44] High doses are known to cause nicotine poisoning, organ failure, and death through paralysis of respiratory muscles, [41] [45] though serious or fatal overdoses are rare. [46]
Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks to individuals and wider society associated with using tobacco products. It is an example of the concept of harm reduction, a strategy for dealing with the use of drugs. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death, [1] and ...
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