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Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea.PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths.
CPAP machines possess a motor that pressurizes room temperature air and delivers it through a hose connected to a mask or tube worn by the patient. This constant stream of air opens and keeps the upper airway unobstructed during inhalation and exhalation. [1] Some CPAP machines have other features as well, such as heated humidifiers.
The development of heated humidified high flow started in 1999 with Vapotherm introducing the concept of high flow use with race horses. [2]High flow was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the early 2000s and used as an alternative to positive airway pressure for treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonates. [3]
CPAP machines are specially designed to deliver a constant flow or pressure. Some CPAP machines have other features as well, such as heated humidifiers. CPAP is the most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea , in which the pressure from CPAP prevents the airway from collapsing or becoming blocked.
Small volume nebulizers, which are used to administer medications such as salbuterol or albuterol. Large volume nebulizers, which are similar to bubble humidifiers except for the addition of an air entrainment port, and; Ultrasonic nebulizers, which may carry a risk of overwatering the patient.
Evidence suggests that CPAP may improve sensitivity to insulin, blood pressure, and sleepiness. [23] [24] [25] Long term compliance, however, is an issue with more than half of people not appropriately using the device. [22] [26] In 2017, only 15% of potential patients in developed countries used CPAP machines, while in developing countries ...
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