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Ascites (/ ə ˈ s aɪ t i z /; [5] Greek: ἀσκός, romanized: askos, meaning "bag" or "sac" [6]) is the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen. [1] Technically, it is more than 25 ml of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, although volumes greater than one liter may occur. [4]
The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following the cephalic phase in which the sight and smell of food and the act of chewing are stimuli. In the stomach a chemical breakdown of food takes place by means of secreted digestive enzymes and gastric acid. The stomach is located between the esophagus and the small intestine.
One of the causes of abnormal bloating is excessive eating and air swallowing, known as aerophagia. [2] Other causes of bloating and distension include inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease [3] [4] and ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, functional dyspepsia, or transient constipation.
The most common symptom associated with bloating is a sensation that the abdomen is full or distended. Rarely, bloating may be painful or cause shortness of breath. [citation needed] Pains that are due to bloating will feel sharp and cause the stomach to cramp. These pains may occur anywhere in the body and can change locations quickly. [8]
The arrangement of these proteins on the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium determines the net movement of ions and water in the tract. H + and Cl − are secreted by the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach creating acidic conditions with a low pH of 1. H + is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K +.
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Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer.
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