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They are Wood ruler Jupiter, Green, East and Spring, Fire ruler Mars, Red, South and Summer, Earth ruler Saturn, Yellow, Center and Last Summer, Metal ruler Venus, White, West and Autumn and Water ruler Mercury, Black, North and Winter.
The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments.
In modern Western astrology the signs of the zodiac are believed to represent twelve basic personality types or characteristic modes of expression. The twelve signs are divided into four elements fire, earth, air and water. Fire and air signs are considered masculine, while water and earth signs are considered feminine. [11]
Early texts on Indian Ayurveda medicine presented a theory of three humors (doṣas), [4] which they sometimes linked with the five elements (pañca-bhūta): earth, water, fire, air, and space. [ 5 ] The concept of "humors" (chemical systems regulating human behaviour) became more prominent from the writing of medical theorist Alcmaeon of ...
Empedocles also proved (at least to his own satisfaction) that air was a separate substance by observing that a bucket inverted in water did not become filled with water, a pocket of air remaining trapped inside. [10] Fire, earth, air, and water have become the most popular set of classical elements in modern interpretations.
Classical four elements: fire, air, earth and water Love and Strife as opposing physical forces Empedocles ( / ɛ m ˈ p ɛ d ə k l iː z / ; Ancient Greek : Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ; c. 494 – c. 434 BC , fl. 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas , a Greek city in Sicily .
He described how fire gave rise to the other elements as the: "upward-downward path", (ὁδὸς ἄνω κάτω), [3] a "hidden harmony" [4] or series of transformations he called the "turnings of fire", (πυρὸς τροπαὶ), [5] first into sea, and half that sea into earth, and half that earth into rarefied air.
Water was one of many archai proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom tried to reduce all things to a single substance. However, Empedocles of Acragas (c. 495 – c. 435 BC) selected four archai for his four roots: air, fire, water and earth. Empedocles roots became the four classical elements of Greek philosophy.