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Muhammad Abduh. Muḥammad ʿAbduh (also spelled Mohammed Abduh; Arabic: محمد عبده; 1849 – 11 July 1905) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, [19] judge, [19] and Grand Mufti of Egypt. [1][2][29][30] He was a central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [5][29] He began teaching ...
The history of Freemasonry encompasses the origins, evolution and defining events of the fraternal organisation known as Freemasonry.It covers three phases. Firstly, the emergence of organised lodges of operative masons during the Middle Ages, then the admission of lay members as "accepted" (a term reflecting the ceremonial "acception" process that made non-stone masons members of an operative ...
At the age of 17 or 18 in 1856–57, [11] Al-Afghani traveled to British India and spent several years there studying religions. In 1859, a British spy reported that Al-Afghani was possible Russian agent. The British representatives reported that he wore the traditional clothes of the Nogais of Central Asia and spoke Persian, Arabic and Turkish ...
American Freemasons are consistent advocates of freedom of religion, as found in the First Amendment [23] of the US Constitution. [24] The idea that the Establishment Clause means a strict separation of church and state is interpreted by the Catholic Church as a veiled attack on its place in public life. [25]
Masonic myths occupy a central place in Freemasonry. Derived from founding texts or various biblical legends, they are present in all Masonic rites and ranks. Using conceptual parables, they can serve Freemasons as sources of knowledge and reflection, where history often vies with fiction. They revolve mainly around the legendary stories of the ...
The Ancient Egyptian Order of Sciots (A.E.O.S.) is a Masonic-affiliated fraternal organization established in 1910. Dedicated to uniting Master Masons in a closer bond of Friendship, Fellowship, and Cooperation, the organization's motto is "To help each other in the accomplishment of honest endeavors" and to spread the doctrine of "BOOST ONE ANOTHER."
Mysteries of Isis. A ceremony worshipping the sarcophagus of Osiris, depicted in a fresco in the Temple of Isis at Pompeii from the first century CE. The death of Osiris was a prominent motif in the cult of Isis. The sarcophagus's appearance here may refer to the emphasis on Osiris and the afterlife found in the mysteries dedicated to Isis.
Hermeticism. Hermeticism, or Hermetism, is a philosophical and religious tradition rooted in the teachings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, a syncretic figure combining elements of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth. [a] This system encompasses a wide range of esoteric knowledge, including aspects of alchemy, astrology, and ...