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Dulaglutide, sold under the brand name Trulicity among others, [8] is a medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in combination with diet and exercise. [9] [10] It is also approved in the United States for the reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
GLP-1 agonists' weight reduction effects come from a combination of peripheral effects as well as activity in the brain via the central nervous system. [17] In the brain, GLP-1 agonists reduce weight by crossing the blood-brain barrier in the brain and directly activating the satiety hormones in the ventromedial hypothalamus (Hariyanto, 2021).
Common side effects include low blood sugar, nausea, dizziness, abdominal pain, and pain at the site of injection. [6] [10] Gastrointestinal side-effects tend to be strongest at the beginning of treatment period and subside over time. [10] Other serious side effects may include angioedema, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, and kidney problems. [6]
A combined result of 5 RCTs enlisting a total of 279 patients aged 65 or older (mean baseline HbA1c of 8%) receiving 5 mg/d of saxagliptin was shown to reduce HbA1c by 0.73%. [45] A combined result of 5 RCTs enlisting a total of 238 patients aged 65 or older (mean baseline HbA1c of 8.6%) receiving 100 mg/d of vildagliptin was shown to reduce ...
At 5.3 years follow-up, the incidence of depression was 5.5% for bicalutamide monotherapy relative to 3.0% for placebo in the EPC trial, and the incidence of asthenia (weakness or fatigue) was 10.2% for bicalutamide monotherapy relative to 5.1% for placebo. [21]
Adverse effects occur in fewer than 1% of patients and include muscle weakness, headache, arterial hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and dry mouth. All effects are reversible. [3] [4] Allergic reactions occur in fewer than 0.1% of patient and include skin rash, hives, Quincke's edema, and in some cases anaphylactic shock. [3] [7] [8] [9]
The reuptake effects of venlafaxine are dose-dependent. At low doses (<150 mg/day), it acts only on serotonergic transmission. At moderate doses (>150 mg/day), it acts on serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, whereas at high doses (>300 mg/day), it also affects dopaminergic neurotransmission. [22]
Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, [1] inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, [2] thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ...