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The rebound reading will be affected by the orientation of the hammer: when used oriented upward (for example, on the underside of a suspended slab), gravity will increase the rebound distance of the mass, and vice versa for a test conducted on a floor slab. Schmidt hammer measurements are on an arbitrary scale ranging from 10 to 100.
A procedure for ultrasonic testing is outlined in ASTM C597 - 09. [9]In India, till 2018 ultrasonic testing was conducted according to IS 13311-1992.From 2018, procedure and specification for Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is outlined in IS 516 Part 5:Non destructive testing of concrete Section 1:Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Testing.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. The elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in the order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates about 45 to 85 GPa. The concrete composite is then in the range of 30 to 50 GPa.
A hardness number is just a semi-quantitative indicator of the resistance to plastic deformation. Although hardness is defined in a similar way for most types of test – usually as the load divided by the contact area – the numbers obtained for a particular material are different for different types of test, and even for the same test with ...
Usually measured from the concrete soffit formwork to the underside of the tendon duct or sheathing.. tendon number The identifying number given to a specific tendon within the set of tendons installed into the structure. tendon profile The physical path taken by a tendon between its end anchorages. [2]: 28 [3]: 9 tendon spacing
A w/c ratio higher than 0.60 is not acceptable as fresh concrete becomes "soup" [2] and leads to a higher porosity and to very poor quality hardened concrete as publicly stated by Prof. Gustave Magnel (1889-1955, Ghent University, Belgium) during an official address to American building contractors at the occasion of one of his visits in the ...
There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or indenters. The result is a dimensionless number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the respective Rockwell scale. Larger numbers correspond to harder materials. When testing metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile ...
Calcium aluminates can form complex salts in combination with different types of anions.Two series of calcium aluminates are known in cement chemistry: AFm and AFt phases, being respectively mono- or tri-substituted with a given divalent anion X (e.g. SO 2− 4, CO 2− 3, or hosting a divalent impurity such as SeO 2− 4 [3]...), or with two units of a monovalent anion, e.g. OH −, Cl − ...