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Abnormal markets and trading were excluded from the VaR estimate in order to make it observable. [21] It is not always possible to define loss if, for example, markets are closed as after 9/11, or severely illiquid, as happened several times in 2008. [20] Losses can also be hard to define if the risk-bearing institution fails or breaks up. [21]
In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB). If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is P T and the power received by the load after insertion is P R , then the insertion loss in decibels ...
Cause of skin effect. A main current I flowing through a conductor induces a magnetic field H.If the current increases, as in this figure, the resulting increase in H induces separate, circulating eddy currents I W which partially cancel the current flow in the center and reinforce it near the skin.
In finance, an abnormal return is the difference between the actual return of a security and the expected return.Abnormal returns are sometimes triggered by "events." Events can include mergers, dividend announcements, company earning announcements, interest rate increases, lawsuits, etc. all of which can contribute to an abnormal return.
Steinmetz's equation, sometimes called the power equation, [1] is an empirical equation used to calculate the total power loss (core losses) per unit volume in magnetic materials when subjected to external sinusoidally varying magnetic flux.
The result is a monetary value in the same unit as the single-loss expectancy is expressed (euros, dollars, yens, etc.): exposure factor is the subjective, potential percentage of loss to a specific asset if a specific threat is realized. The exposure factor is a subjective value that the person assessing risk must define.
The loss tangent is defined by the angle between the capacitor's impedance vector and the negative reactive axis. If the capacitor is used in an AC circuit, the dissipation factor due to the non-ideal capacitor is expressed as the ratio of the resistive power loss in the ESR to the reactive power oscillating in the capacitor, or
In many applications, objective functions, including loss functions as a particular case, are determined by the problem formulation. In other situations, the decision maker’s preference must be elicited and represented by a scalar-valued function (called also utility function) in a form suitable for optimization — the problem that Ragnar Frisch has highlighted in his Nobel Prize lecture. [4]