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It was established on September 30, 1996, through the divestiture of the former AT&T Technologies business unit of AT&T Corporation, which included Western Electric and Bell Labs. [2] Lucent merged with Alcatel SA on December 1, 2006, forming Alcatel-Lucent. [3] In 2014, the enterprise division was spun off.
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many areas of mathematics, which include number theory (the study of numbers), algebra (the study of formulas and related structures), geometry (the study ...
Visual analytics is "the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces." [2] It can attack certain problems whose size, complexity, and need for closely coupled human and machine analysis may make them otherwise intractable. [3] Visual analytics advances science and technology developments in analytical reasoning ...
Logic Theorist is a computer program written in 1956 by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw. [1] It was the first program deliberately engineered to perform automated reasoning, and has been described as "the first artificial intelligence program". [1][a] Logic Theorist proved 38 of the first 52 theorems in chapter two of Whitehead ...
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) [1] often referred to as simply the Principia (/ prɪnˈsɪpiə, prɪnˈkɪpiə /), is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. The Principia is written in Latin and comprises three ...
Logical reasoning is concerned with the correctness of arguments. A key distinction is between deductive and non-deductive arguments. Logical reasoning is a mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way. It happens in the form of inferences or arguments by starting from a set of premises and reasoning to a conclusion ...
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2000; [1] updated 2009 [2]) is a book by Judea Pearl. [3] It is an exposition and analysis of causality. [4] [5] It is considered to have been instrumental in laying the foundations of the modern debate on causal inference in several fields including statistics, computer science and epidemiology. [6]
t. e. Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.