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RAF kinases are a family of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that are related to retroviral oncogenes. [11] The mouse sarcoma virus 3611 contains a RAF kinase-related oncogene that enhances fibrosarcoma induction. RAF is an acronym for Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma. [12]
RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, also known as proto-oncogene c-RAF or simply c-Raf or even Raf-1, is an enzyme [4] that in humans is encoded by the RAF1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The c-Raf protein is part of the ERK1/2 pathway as a MAP kinase (MAP3K) that functions downstream of the Ras subfamily of membrane associated GTPases. [ 7 ]
The RAF kinase phosphorylates and activates a MAPK/ERK Kinase (MEK1 or MEK2). The MEK phosphorylates and activates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). RAF and MAPK/ERK are both serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. MEK is a serine/tyrosine/threonine kinase. In a technical sense, RAF, MEK, and MAPK are all mitogen-activated kinases ...
BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf. The gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf. [5] [6] The B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells which are involved in directing ...
For example, KSR1 and KSR2 are actually MAP3 kinases and related to the Raf proteins. [37] Although KSRs alone display negligible MAP3 kinase activity, KSR proteins can still participate in the activation of Raf kinases by forming side-to-side heterodimers with them, providing an allosteric pair to turn on each enzymes. [38]
The MAP kinase-kinase, which activates ERK, was named "MAPK/ERK kinase" . [5] Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, Ras, Raf, MEK, and MAPK could be fitted into a signaling cascade linking an extracellular signal to MAPK activation. [6] See: MAPK/ERK pathway. Transgenic gene knockout mice lacking MAPK1 have major defects in early development. [7]
Progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 3 (PAQR3), or Raf Kinase Trapping to Golgi apparatus (RKTG) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAQR3 gene. [5] It is a member of the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family. [6] PAQR3 is predicted to have seven transmembrane helices and to be localized to the Golgi Apparatus.
[5] [6] The HRAS gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15.5, from base pair 522,241 to base pair 525,549. [7] HRas is a small G protein in the Ras subfamily of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Once bound to Guanosine triphosphate, H-Ras will activate a Raf kinase like c-Raf, the next step in the MAPK/ERK pathway.