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Pre-facelift Toyota Highlander Hybrid Limited (Spain) The Hybrid features Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive which continues to allow an electric only powered mode for short distances and speeds. Weight and cost have been improved over the previous hybrid. [32] [33] The expanded size and new features have led to an increase of 500 pounds to its curb ...
The marketing name for the transmission is the "Direct Shift – 8AT 8-speed automatic transmission" [3] [4] Unlike the UB 80 transmission, which was developed for Toyota by Aisin AW, the UA 80 was developed in a joint venture between Toyota and Aisin AW. Due to global application, development was done in a global fashion involving engineering ...
All-Trac was a proprietary full-time four-wheel drive system used on a variety of Toyota badged models and the nameplate was used from 1988 to 2000. It was considered a revolutionary advance for four wheel drive automobiles into the mainstream consumer market and its electronic/vacuum controlled locking center differential was rare in a ...
The predecessor of modern electronic traction control systems can be found in high-torque, high-power rear-wheel-drive cars as a limited slip differential.A limited-slip differential is a purely mechanical system that transfers a relatively small amount of power to the non-slipping wheel, while still allowing some wheel spin to occur.
In 1983, a four-wheel electronic "Anti-Skid Control" system was introduced on the Toyota Crown. [7] In 1987, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Toyota [7] introduced their first traction control systems. Traction control works by applying individual wheel braking and throttle to maintain traction under acceleration, but unlike ESC, it is not designed to ...
ARB air-locking differential fitted to a Mitsubishi Delica L400 LWB Diff. A locking differential is a mechanical component, commonly used in vehicles, designed to overcome the chief limitation of a standard open differential by essentially "locking" both wheels on an axle together as if on a common shaft.
A significant difference between the limited-slip differential systems listed above and this brake-based system, is that brake-based systems do not inherently send the greater torque to the slower wheel, plus the added brake friction material wear that results from the use of such a system if the vehicle is driven in an environment where the ...
Toyota sought to enhance the drivability pattern of the engine (over the 3VZ) at exactly 3000 rpm, since that was the typical engine speed for motors cruising on the highway. The result was less cylinder distortion coupled with the decreased weight of rotating assemblies, smoother operation at that engine speed, and increased engine efficiency.