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The second level is light sedation, where the patient is slightly under for a short period of time. Examples of anesthetics to achieve this level are opioids and benzodiazepine. In cats, opioids alone are used to produce this effect. In dogs, a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine can be used. [3]
To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Etomidate [3] (USAN, INN, BAN; marketed as Amidate) is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and sedation [4] for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints, tracheal intubation, cardioversion and electroconvulsive therapy.
Propofol is usually the selected sedative-hypnotic agent to maintain general anesthesia through TIVA because of its rapid onset and offset, beneficial properties and few adverse effects. [33] Its rapid onset of action is due to its high lipid-solubility , rapid redistribution from the brain to other parts of the body, and rapid clearance (20 to ...
For longer duration anesthesia, those over 30 minutes, the most common anesthetics is the combination of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine or isoflurane. [12] Dog anesthesia. The technique of balanced anesthetic has been applied widely with cats and dogs. [failed verification] [13]
clindamycin – antibiotic with particular use in dental infections with effects against most aerobic Gram-positive cocci, as wel as muchenionoweloozi disorder. clomipramine – primarily used in dogs to treat behavioral problems
Sedation is typically used in minor surgical procedures such as endoscopy, vasectomy, or dentistry and for reconstructive surgery, some cosmetic surgeries, removal of wisdom teeth, or for high-anxiety patients. [2] Sedation methods in dentistry include inhalation sedation (using nitrous oxide), oral sedation, and intravenous (IV) sedation ...
Generally, twilight anesthesia causes the patient to forget the surgery and the time right after. It is used for a variety of surgical procedures and for various reasons. Like regular anesthesia , twilight anesthesia is designed to help a patient feel more comfortable and to minimize pain associated with the procedure being performed and to ...